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41.
为了能够在发生灾难事故时进行紧急通信,应急自动气象站采用了北斗卫星导航定位系统的简短通信技术。在北斗卫星通信方式设计过程中,采取压缩数据包长度、主动传输+失败应答通信模式、对通信终端采取休眠工作等方式,在保证数据传输质量的同时减少不必要的通信次数,降低系统功耗,延长工作时间。研究结果表明,采用本文的通信设计,可以实现:1)将数据包长度压缩60%,满足了北斗卫星短信包的长度要求。2)兼顾解决了数据完整性问题和通信资费问题,在正常工作状态下采用自动定时传输模式节约通信资费;在通信失败的情况下采用主从应答通信模式,通过向自动气象站发出数据补收命令,及时取得丢失的数据。3)有效地降低了系统的功耗,通信终端平均功耗下降了10%。 相似文献
42.
A New Scheme for Predicting Leaf Onset in Summer-Green Vegetation in the Northern Hemisphere 下载免费PDF全文
A modified thermal time model(MTM) was developed to reproduce the leaf onset for summer-green vegetation in the Northern Hemisphere. The model adopts the basic concept of a thermal time model(TM) in that leaf onset is primarily triggered by growing degree days(GDD). Based on global phenology data derived from satellite observations, a new parameterization for the critical model parameter Tb(i.e., baseline temperature for GDD calculation) has been introduced, and the spatial distribution of Tb was calculated. Simulations of leaf onset during 1982–2000 in the range 30–90°N showed a significant improvement of MTM over the standard TM model with constant Tb. The mean error and mean absolute error of the climatological simulation were 1.11 and 6.8 days, respectively, and 90% of the model error(5th and 95 th percentiles) was between-12.4 and 13.7 days. 相似文献
43.
Praveen Gupta Amit Kumar Dubey Nandita Goswami Raghvendra Pratap Singh Prakash Chauhan 《Marine Geodesy》2015,38(3):614-625
In the absence of many gauging stations in the major and mighty river systems, there is a need for satellite-based observations to estimate temporal variations in the river water storage and associated water management. In this study, SARAL/AltiKa application for setting up hydraulic model (HEC-RAS) and river flow simulations over Tapi River India has been discussed. Waveform data of 40 Hz from Ka band altimeter has been used for water levels retrieval in the Tapi river. SARAL/AltiKa retrieved water levels were converted to discharge in the upstream location (track-926) using the rating curve available for the nearby gauging site and using linear spatial interpolation technique. Steady state simulations were done for various flow conditions in the upstream. Validation of river flow model was done in the downstream location (track-367) by comparing simulated and altimeter retrieved water levels (RMSE 0.67 m). Validated model was used to develop rating curve between water levels and simulated discharge for the downstream location which enables to monitor discharge variations from satellite platform in the absence of in situ observations. It has been demonstrated that SARAL/AltiKa data has potential for river flow monitoring and modeling which will feed for flood disaster forecasting, management and planning. 相似文献
44.
The AltiKa altimeter onboard SARAL is a joint CNES/ISRO mission launched in February 2013 that has the same 35 days repeat orbit of the previous European altimeters, Envisat, and ERS-1/2. SARAL/AltiKa is thus a unique opportunity to extend the repeat observations of this orbit that have been surveyed since 1991. However, the altimeter operates in Ka-band, which is higher than the previous frequencies, and offers new paths of investigation. The penetration depth is theoretically reduced from around 10 m in Ku-band to less than 1 m in Ka-band, such that the volume echo originates from the near subsurface. Second, the sharper antenna aperture leads to a narrower leading edge that reduces the impact of the ratio between surface and volume echoes of the height retrieval. Indeed, the spatial and temporal observations of AltiKa at cross-over points and along-track indicate that the impact of backscatter changes on the height decreasesfrom 0.3 m/dB for the Ku-band to only 0.05 m/dB for the Ka-band. Therefore, the height measurement is stable over time. Moreover, the volume echo in the Ka-band results from the near subsurface layer and is mostly controlled by ice grain size, unlike the Ku-band. 相似文献
45.
A retrieval algorithm of arctic sea ice concentration (SIC) based on the brightness temperature data of “HY-2” scanning microwave radiometer has been constructed. The tie points of the brightness tempe... 相似文献
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Hani Abdallah Jean-Stéphane Bailly Nicolas Baghdadi Nicolas Lemarquand 《ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing》2011,66(6):833-844
Given that water resources are scarce and are strained by competing demands, it has become crucial to develop and improve techniques to observe the temporal and spatial variations in the inland water volume. Due to the lack of data and the heterogeneity of water level stations, remote sensing, and especially altimetry from space, appear as complementary techniques for water level monitoring. In addition to spatial resolution and sampling rates in space or time, one of the most relevant criteria for satellite altimetry on inland water is the accuracy of the elevation data. Here, the accuracy of ICESat LIDAR altimetry product is assessed over the Great Lakes in North America. The accuracy assessment method used in this paper emphasizes on autocorrelation in high temporal frequency ICESat measurements. It also considers uncertainties resulting from both in situ lake level reference data. A probabilistic upscaling process was developed. This process is based on several successive ICESat shots averaged in a spatial transect accounting for autocorrelation between successive shots. The method also applies pre-processing of the ICESat data with saturation correction of ICESat waveforms, spatial filtering to avoid measurement disturbance from the land–water transition effects on waveform saturation and data selection to avoid trends in water elevations across space. Initially this paper analyzes 237 collected ICESat transects, consistent with the available hydrometric ground stations for four of the Great Lakes. By adapting a geostatistical framework, a high frequency autocorrelation between successive shot elevation values was observed and then modeled for 45% of the 237 transects. The modeled autocorrelation was therefore used to estimate water elevations at the transect scale and the resulting uncertainty for the 117 transects without trend. This uncertainty was 8 times greater than the usual computed uncertainty, when no temporal correlation is taken into account. This temporal correlation, corresponding to approximately 11 consecutive ICESat shots, could be linked to low transmitted ICESat GLAS energy and to poor weather conditions. Assuming Gaussian uncertainties for both reference data and ICESat data upscaled at the transect scale, we derived GLAS deviations statistics by averaging the results at station and lake scales. An overall bias of −4.6 cm (underestimation) and an overall standard deviation of 11.6 cm were computed for all lakes. Results demonstrated the relevance of taking autocorrelation into account in satellite data uncertainty assesment. 相似文献
49.
探讨了采用环境一号卫星CCD多光谱数据在1∶250 000地形图框架要素更新中的应用情况,对不同框架要素在环境一号卫星CCD影像中的识别率和最小分辨率进行了比较和分析,并对环境一号卫星CCD影像的分辨能力和要素识别精度进行了分析和研究,进一步证实了采用环境一号卫星CCD数据进行1∶250 000地形图框架要素进行更新的可行性。 相似文献
50.
通过两个强对流风暴个例,利用探空资料辅以卫星反演方法,揭示了强对流风暴中同质冻结增温这一事实。探空观测到在强风暴中同质冻结潜热释放造成该层内的空气增温达5℃以上,风暴中强上升气流使云滴没有足够的时间长大,云水向雨水转化和云的晶化会被推到更高的高度,在到达同质冻结高度之前,异质核化过程没有太多的时间消耗大量云水,多数云滴被带到同质冻结高度以上时迅速冻结,造成潜热的集中释放,使周围的空气增温。NOAA卫星观测到的云顶的大量由同质冻结形成的小冰粒子以及过顶现象,进一步证实了同质冻结潜热增温。当探空仪靠近风暴、对流层顶又距同质冻结高度层较近时,同质冻结增温作用有可能被探空仪观测到。 相似文献